The directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure 201494eu, hereafter referred to as directive, requires that member states provide a minimum infrastructure for alternative fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and natural gas. Alternative fuels renewable fuel standard program us epa. What drives the transformation towards alternative fuels and powertrains. This guidance paper provides an introduction to alternative fuels and technology solutions. Alternative fuels in cement manufacturing intechopen. Because the alternative fuel vehicle refueling property credit is an income tax credit, taxexempt entities cannot benefit. These fuels may be used in a dedicated system that burns a single fuel, or in a mixed system with other fuels including traditional gasoline. An alternative fuel fcx concept car, with a maximum spe ed of 93 mph, 80 hp, and 201 l bft torque bur ns et al. Hydrogen is an abundant resource, but often found attached to other compounds such as water h2o and must be separated to be used as a fuel. Pure hydrogen for the storage systems can be obtained from alcohols, naphtha, benzene, methane, propane, gasoline, and diesel fuel. Alternative fuels such as hydrogen, acetylene, natural gas, ethanol and biofuels also uses in internal combustion engines.
Alternative fuels is a name given to a specific group of fuel sources in 1992 by the united states department of energy. The year links below provide access the pennsylvania bulletin detailing the tax rates and calculations for each year. With more than 1,000 lpg tank models available from our manufacturing facilities in the us and europe, we can provide the lpg tanks you need for alternative fuel applications. The usage of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies will affect significant social. Fuel cells a fuel cell is an alternative energy device, but it is not necessarily a renewable energy device. Hydrogen h2 is a renewable, domesticallyproduced, alternative fuel that can be used to create electricity. Overview hydrogen, also known as h2, was declared an alternative fuel under the energy policy act in 1992. Hydro gen is released when hydrocarbonbearing materials in the presence of catalysts are subjected to pressurized steam gas ification u. To assess the commercial and operational viability of alternative marine fuels, based on existing academic and industry literature. Dan sperling november, 2012 fall quarter 2012 energy and environmental aspects of transportation civil and environmental engineering eci 163 environmental science and policy esp 163. Alternative fuels for aviation have been considered since the early days of turbine engines. Alternative fuels and excise taxes increased efficiency and alternative fuel use is straining gas tax revenues several states have decal programs for various alt fuels some states provide discounted rates for alt fuels as an incentive if taxes are charged on a per gallon basis, defining energy content is needed to ensure parity. Alternative fuels include gaseous fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, and propane. From co2 neutral fuels to emission free driving pwc.
Hydrogen can be produced from natural gas by means of various chemical processes steam reforming, partial. Types of alternative fuels include biodiesel, electricity, methanol and ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane and new fuels still under development, called emerging fuels. Chapter 3 conventional fuels and alternative fuels 28 oxygen has the second highest electronegativity. All alternative fuel options have benefits and challenges. Assessment of selected alternative fuels and technologies. Alternative fuels also known as nonconventional fuels, any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels. Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells producing virtually no. As an avid researcher of alternative fuels and an ambitious chemistry student, this researcher understands the importance of a shift to a hydrogen economy.
Coal is the primary fuel burned in cement kilns, however, the use alternative fuels in cement kilns is now common and increasing. Use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel and energy carriers which offers potentially attractive advantages over existing energy sources. Research and commercial efforts are under way to expand the limited hydrogen fueling infrastructure. Factors such as cost, fuel distribution, emissions, vehicle systems analysis, energy storage, power. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel oregon state university. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells european commission. Fuels and vehicle technology us department of transportation. Hydrogen is attractive because, when burned, it produces only water and heat as a byproduct. Tr anspor tation, petroleum use, and alter natives guest lecture.
However, in fuel cell vehicles, such as the 2009 honda fcx clarity, 1. Alternative sources of energy an introduction to fuel cells. Christopher barry of all the fuels which are used by combustion, hydrogen has the highest energy per kilogram and the waste product from the combustion of hydrogen is water absolutely no carbon dioxide and no greenhouse gases if the water vapour is condensed. The oxygen comes from the air, while the hydrogen can either. However, the chemical properties of hydrogen can be a nuisance when implementing it in daily applications like motor vehicles for daily transportation needs. The information source for alternative fuels and advanced vehicles. The stakeholders discussions also emphasized the importance of stable government policies necessary for the continued growth of the bioenergy industry. Currently, drivers of lightduty fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs can fuel up at retail stations in less than 5 minutes and obtain a driving range of more than 300 miles.
The alternative fuels data center afdc provides information, data, and tools to help fleets and other transportation decision makers find ways to reach their energy and economic goals through the use of alternative and renewable fuels, advanced vehicles, and other fuel saving measures. In conclusion, although hydrogen fuel is considered the best alternative fuel to our daily used conventional fuels. Some wellknown alternative fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohol methanol, ethanol, butane, refusederived fuel, chemically stored electricity batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen, nonfossil methane, nonfossil natural gas, vegetable oil, propane and other biomass sources. Currently produced fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen without combustion to produce electricity. Even the production of hydrogen gas can be emissionsfree with the use of renewable energy sources. An alternative fuel find, read and cite all the research you need on. Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines intechopen. Like a battery, a fuel cell has two electrodes, one negative the anode and the other positive the cathode surrounding an electrolyte. They are usually available as gas, liquid and solid as shown in table 1. Overview of challenges, opportunities, and next steps competitiveness of the bioenergy industry. Bioderived fuels, methanol, ethanol, liquid natural gas, liquid hydrogen, and synthetic fuels are considered in this study for their potential to replace or supplement conventional jet fuels.
Pdf on nov 18, 2015, neelu chouhan and others published hydrogen. Each breakout session was composed of 3035 workshop attendees. Hydrogen fuel cells create electricity by splitting electrons from hydrogen molecules. Although, it is available abundantly in nature, it is mostly accompanied with nitrogen which, being an inert gas, reduces the actual capability of oxygen. Arizona public service alternative fuel hydrogen pilot.
The approach assesses how well selected alternative fuels perform compared to lng fuel. Hydrogen, a popular alternative fuel in concept cars, is a gas that is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen, when used in a fuel cell to provide electricity, is an emissionsfree alternative fuel produced from diverse energy sources. It includes an overview of selected alternative ship fuels lng, lpg, methanol, biofuel and hydrogen as well as emerging technologies such as batteries, fuel cell systems and windassisted. However, a person that sells qualifying property to a taxexempt entity may be eligible to claim the credit if certain criteria are met, including. Hydro gen is released when hydrocarbonbearing materials in the presence of catalysts are subjected to pressurized steam.
Automakers are no longer manufacturing methanolpowered vehicles. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel sustaining our world. Toyota started their inhouse hydrogen fuel cell vehicle program back in 1992. A study of hydrogen as an alternative fuel request pdf. Introduction conventional fuels fossil fuels petroleum, coal, and nuclear materials such as uranium.
Researchers have studied on alternative fuels that can be used with gasoline and diesel fuels. Cryogenic fuels such as liquid hydrogen and other more exotic fuels such as boron compounds were studied in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, what was estimated above, by hyundaikia. Request pdf a study of hydrogen as an alternative fuel as oil prices increase, the interest in alternative fuels increases. A tank feeds hydrogen to the anode, where a catalyst separates the protons from the electrons. Before proceeding to a consideration of some of these fuels and their properties it is.
Hydrogen in the gas phase is about 14 times lighter than the air. On the technology front, hydrogen, a clean energy carrier. Hydrogen cylinders range up to 14,500 psi 1,000 bar. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel for transportation energianews.
An alternative fuel vehicle is a motor vehicle that runs on a fuel other than traditional petroleum fuels petrol or diesel fuel. Our hydrogen fuel tanks are certified to all major international certifications. On the other hand because of its high ignition limit 475%. Alternative fuel the term alternative fuel usually refers to a source of which energy is renewable the main purpose. Beyond fossil fuel is dedicated to providing the best and most up to date information on biofuels and other alternative fuel sources. Revised and updated, alternative fuels addresses many of the factors affecting our energy use, including the availability and desirability of various fuels. Tim karlsson the international partnership for hydrogen and fuel cells in the economy, iphe. This new edition covers new hydrogen developments in technology, oil supplies and new drilling techniques, latest information on hydrogen highway projects, breakthroughs in fuel cell technology and ultra. Hydrogen fuel cell technology for the sustainable future of. Alternative fuels used to propel vehicles on public highways are subject to the alternative fuels tax. The alternative fuels that are being actively explored by the department of energy include. Learn about hydrogen, ethanol, biodiesel, solar, wind and more.